This study examines the evolution，current state，and challenges of Mozambique's education system，focusing on public-private education differences.Since independence in 1975，Mozambique's education has faced reforms and setbacks， notably during the civil war （1975-1992）.Recovery began with the 1990 Constitution and the 1992 Peace Agreement， supported by laws promoting private education.Key questions address disparities in resources，quality，and services，core challenges like teacher shortages and infrastructure，and innovative solutions.Using text analysis and multi-case comparison， the study analyzes general，literacy，vocational （TVET），and higher education through an educational sociology lens.Findings highlight efforts by government and private institutions to drive equity and quality through technology， curriculum updates，and vocational investment.The study enriches theoretical discussions on educational equity，proposing strategies like digital resources，public-private partnerships，and vocational education for future reform